MedSimu Anatomy

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[MUSIC]

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Welcome everyone to the very first session of MedSimu Anatomy Podcast.

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I'm really excited to be guiding you through this initial deep dive.

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We're tackling something fundamental today, anatomical terminology.

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It's basically the language of medicine.

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>> Yeah. >> And helping us navigate this is an expert

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in the field, welcome.

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Thanks for having me, I'm genuinely looking forward to this.

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It's surprising how nailing these basic terms

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really clears things up later on, even in complex cases.

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- Absolutely, think of it like this, everyone.

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This is your essential toolkit, your lexicon.

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Without a good handle on these words,

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for body relationships, limbs, joint movements,

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even the bumps on bones communication, just,

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it breaks down, diagnosis gets harder.

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- That's so true.

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- So yeah, we'll be covering all those categories today.

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- Exactly, we'll start with those descriptive terms,

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the ones that tell us where things are

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in relation to each other spatially.

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Then we'll shift to the limbs,

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'cause well, they have their own special vocabulary.

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- Upper and lower limbs, right?

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- Right, and after that, we'll get into movement

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all the ways our joints let us move.

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And finally, we'll touch on the terms for bony features,

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the little landmarks on the bones themselves.

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- Okay, sounds like a solid plan.

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Let's kick off with those descriptive terms

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for body relationships.

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These are the ones that give us our bearings, yeah.

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- Precisely.

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Let's start with the basics.

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directions, you'll hear anterior and posterior all the time.

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Anterior just means towards the front.

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Think about your pecs, they're on the anterior chest.

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- Front side?

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- Yep, and posterior is the opposite towards the back,

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like your traps, your trapezius muscle.

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- Got it.

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Anterior front, posterior back, what about up and down?

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- Good question, that's superior and inferior.

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Superior means towards the head,

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or cranial sometimes, basically above.

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So your skull is superior to your collarbone,

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clavicle. Okay. And inferior means towards the feet or

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caudal below. Your heel bone, the calcaneus, is inferior to your

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talus, the ankle bone just above it. Superior up, inferior down.

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Seems straightforward. How about central and peripheral? How do they fit in?

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Central refers to things closer to the body's core, the main axis.

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The spinal cord is a perfect example. Very central. Right, in the middle.

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Exactly. And peripheral is for structures further away from that center,

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like the nerves spreading out into your arms and legs.

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- Okay, center versus edges basically.

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Now you mentioned the midline earlier.

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There are specific terms for that too.

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- Yes, and these are really important.

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Median means right on the midline.

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In that plane dividing the body

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into perfect left and right halves,

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the mid-sagittal plane.

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- Directly in the middle.

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- Directly, then medial means towards that median plane.

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- Closer to the middle.

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- Yep, and lateral means away from the median plane.

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Towards the side, think about your forearm again.

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The ulna, that's the pinky side bone, is medial.

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And the radius, the thumb side bone,

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is lateral to the ulna.

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- Medial towards middle, lateral towards side.

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Makes sense.

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What if something stuck between a medial

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and a lateral structure?

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- Ah, good one.

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That's intermediate.

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It literally means between.

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In the foot, you have three cuneiform bones.

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The intermediate cuneiform sits right between

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the medial and the lateral ones.

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- Okay, intermediate for in between.

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We also hear external and internal.

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How are they used?

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- Right.

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These generally relate to proximity to the body's center,

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often within say an organ or a body cavity.

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The external intercostal muscles, for example,

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are closer to the surface than the internal intercostals.

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- Makes sense from the name.

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- Yeah.

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And your stomach is internal to your abdominal wall.

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- So external internal,

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often about layers or cavity position.

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Now superficial and deep also sound like depth.

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Are they the same thing?

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Close, but there's a key difference.

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Superficial and deep are always relative terms,

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and they specifically relate to the body's surface.

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- Ah, okay, relative to the surface.

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- Exactly, you'd say the skin is superficial

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to the fat beneath it.

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Or a nerve might run deep to a particular muscle.

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It's always comparing two things

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based on how close they are to the outside.

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- That's a crucial distinction,

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especially for imaging or surgery.

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- Absolutely critical, understanding those layers is key.

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- Okay, now what about ventral and dorsal?

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Where do they come in?

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I hear those sometimes.

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Yeah, you do.

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Ventral means towards the belly side

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and dorsal means towards the back side.

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In humans, standing upright,

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they pretty much line up with anterior

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and posterior respectively.

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So ventral is like anterior, dorsal like posterior.

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Mostly, yes.

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But the terms are useful because their original meaning

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is clearer if you think about say a dog.

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The ventral side faces the ground, dorsal faces the sky.

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You'll also see ventral and dorsal used a lot in embryology,

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describing the developing embryo.

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- Ah, okay.

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Developmental context matters.

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- It does.

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And lastly, for directions, we have cranial and caudal.

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Cranial means towards the head.

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Sometimes you'll hear rosphril,

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especially for things in the head, near the nose.

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- Cranial towards the head.

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- And caudal means towards the tail.

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In humans, that's basically toward the bottom of the spine,

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the inferior end.

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- Tail end, yeah.

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- You'll hear cranial and caudal used a lot clinically,

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like describing where a finding is

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along the length of the spine or the body.

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- That's a really comprehensive list of directions.

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You also mentioned some other general terms like

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invagination and evagination.

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They sound like shape changes.

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- They are.

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Invagination is an inward folding or pushing in.

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Like if you poke your finger into a soft balloon,

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the dent is an invagination.

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Happens a lot in development when tubes form.

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- Okay, folding inwards.

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- And evagination is the opposite,

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an outward bulge or protrusion.

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Think of like a diverticulum

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pouching out from the colon wall.

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- Pouching outwards, got it.

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And then ipsilateral and contralateral.

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- Yeah, those are pretty simple but useful.

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Ipsilateral just means on the same side of the body.

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- Like right arm, right leg.

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- Exactly, they're ipsilateral.

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And contralateral means on the opposite side.

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Your right arm and your left leg are contralateral.

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- Same side, opposite side.

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Easy enough, seems very important in neurology maybe.

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- Definitely, when you're assessing symptoms

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that only affect one side of the body.

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- Right.

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Okay, let's switch gears to the limbs.

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You said they have their own special terms.

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- They do because, well, their main axis

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is different from the trunk's axis.

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So for both arms and legs, we use proximal

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for closer to the trunk attachment point.

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- Closer in.

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- Yep.

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Your elbow is proximal to your wrist

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and distal means further away from the trunk.

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Your wrist is distal to your elbow.

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- Proximal near the body, distal further out.

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Okay.

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- Now, specifically for the upper limb,

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the arm, we use terms related to the forearm bones.

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Radial means towards the lateral side,

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the thumb side where the radius bone is.

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- Radial matches radius, thumb side.

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- Correct.

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And ulnar means towards the medial side,

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pinky finger side where the ulna is. Ulnar matches ulna, pinky side. You got it. You

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might also hear pre-axial border for the outer radial thumb side and post-axial

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border for the inner ulnar pinky side. Pre-axial outer post-axial inner on the

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arm. Okay, what about front and back surfaces? Good point. The flexor surface

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of the upper limb is generally the anterior surface the front where your

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biceps are, the muscles that bend the elbow. Flexor surface front. And the

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extensor surface is the posterior surface the back where your triceps are.

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Extensor surface back. And one more for the hand.

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Palmar or sometimes Volar for specifically to the front of the hand. The palm.

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Palmarvalar for the palm. Okay. So how does this apply to the lower limb?

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Similar ideas. Similar logic, yes, but with a really important twist because of

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how the legs rotate during development. Proximal and distal work the same way.

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Your knee is proximal to your ankle. Your ankle is distal to your knee. Same

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Instead of radial and ulnar, we use tibial for the medial border, the big shin bone side,

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the tibia.

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- Fibial for the inside, like the big toe side.

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- Right, and fibular for the lateral border, the side with the smaller fibula bone towards

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the little toe.

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- Fibular for the outside.

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Okay, now what's the twist?

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- Here it is, the borders.

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In the lower limb, the pre-axial border is the inner tibial side.

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- Wait, pre-axial is inner on the leg, it was outer on the arm.

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- Exactly, and the post-axial border is the outer fibular side.

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It's flipped compared to the arm.

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Huh, why is that?

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- It reflects that rotation the lower limbs undergo

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during development.

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It's a key difference.

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- Wow, okay.

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Pre-axial inner tibial, post-axial outer fibular on the leg.

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Need to remember that flip.

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What about surfaces?

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- Also different orientation.

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The flexor surface of the lower limb

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is generally the posterior surface, the back,

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where your hamstrings are.

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- So flexor is back on the leg, not front like the arm.

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- Correct, and the extensor surface

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is the anterior surface of the front,

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where your quad, your cordyceps muscle group are.

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- Extensor is front on the leg.

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Man, that rotation really changes things.

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- It really does.

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And finally, for the foot,

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the sole is called the plantar surface.

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- Plantar for the sole, got it.

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Remembering that prepostaxial switch

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and the flexor extensor surface flip is key.

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- Absolutely, it actually helps understand

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some nerve pathways later on too.

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- Fascinating.

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Okay, let's move to describing movements.

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This is all about what the joints can do, right?

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- Exactly.

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And movements happen in specific planes around specific axes.

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Let's start with flexion.

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Generally, it's a movement usually in the sagittal plane

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that decreases the angle between bones at a joint.

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- Bending, making the angle smaller.

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- Right, like bending your elbow.

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You bring the anterior surfaces of your forearm

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and upper arm closer.

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- Okay, but you said generally, are there exceptions?

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- There are, the knee is a big one.

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Knee flexion decreases the angle,

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but it brings the posterior surfaces closer together.

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- Ah, bending the knee moves the calf

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towards the back of the thigh, right?

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- Exactly.

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And the ankle has its own special terms.

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Lifting your foot up towards your shin is dorsiflexion.

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- Dorsiflexion, foot up.

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- And pointing your toes down like a ballerina

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is plantar flexion.

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- Plantar flexion, foot down, okay.

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- We also have lateral flexion,

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which is just bending the trunk sideways

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in the coronal plane.

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- Sideways bend, got it.

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So flexion decreases the angle,

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direction depends on the joint, what's the opposite?

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- That would be extension.

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Also typically sagittal plane,

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It increases the angle between bones, moves the extensor surfaces apart.

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Straightening the joint.

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Yep, straightening your elbows, straighten your knee.

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Those are extensions.

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And hyper extensions.

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That's going beyond the normal straight anatomical position.

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Increasing the angle past 180 degrees.

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Like tilting your head way back or arching your back.

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Going past straight.

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Okay.

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What about moving limbs side to side?

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That's abduction and adduction.

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These happen in the coronal plane.

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is moving a limb away from the body's midline. Think abduct take away like

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raising your arms straight out to the side. Abduction away. And adduction is

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moving the limb back towards the midline. Think add it back to the body. Adduction

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towards adding it back. Good mnemonic. It helps. For fingers and toes, abduction is

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spreading them apart. Okay. And adduction is bringing them back together. Thumb

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movements are a bit unique, more complex. We can save those maybe. Sounds good. What

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is turning around the long axis of a bone.

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We have medial rotation, also called internal rotation,

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that's turning inwards so the anterior surface

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faces more towards the midline,

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like rotating your shoulder to bring your forearm

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across your belly.

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- Turning inwards, medial rotation.

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- And lateral rotation or external rotation

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is turning outwards.

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The anterior surface faces away from the midline,

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like rotating your shoulder outwards.

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- Turning outwards, lateral rotation.

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- Oh, yeah, like okay.

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- And circumduction, sounds fancy.

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It's the cool one.

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It's like drawing a cone shape.

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It combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction,

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all in sequence.

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Whoa.

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You see it at joints that can move in multiple planes,

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like the shoulder and hip, ball and socket joints.

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So like swinging your arm in a big circle?

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Kind of, yeah.

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A classic example is like a cricket bowlers arm action.

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That big wind up and follow through involves circumduction.

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Great visual.

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Now the forearm ones, supination and pronation,

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always get those mixed up.

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You're not alone.

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Let's clarify.

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There's specific rotations of the forearm and hand.

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Supination is the lateral rotation

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that turns your palm to face anteriorly.

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Or upwards, if your elbow is bent.

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Think of holding a bowl of soup.

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- Supination, palm up.

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Okay, that helps.

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- It does.

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And pronation is the medial rotation

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during the palm posteriorly, or downwards, palm down.

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- Pronation, palm down, got it.

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Soup helps.

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What about foot movements?

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Inversion and eversion.

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- Right, inversion is moving the foot

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So the sole faces inwards, medially.

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Kind of like rolling onto the outside edge of your foot.

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- Sole inwards, inversion.

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- And inversion is the opposite.

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The sole faces outwards, laterally.

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Rolling onto the inside edge.

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- Sole outwards, inversion.

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Important for ankle injuries, I bet.

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- Very important for understanding ankle sprain, yeah.

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- Okay, nearly there on movements.

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Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression.

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- These are pretty intuitive,

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usually involving the jaw or shoulder girdle.

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Protraction is moving forward, parallel to the ground.

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like jutting your jaw out.

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- Pushing forward.

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- Retraction is pulling it back.

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- Pulling back.

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- Elevation is moving upwards,

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like closing your jaw or shrugging your shoulders

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up towards your ears.

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- Just being up.

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- And depression is moving downwards.

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Opening your mouth or letting your shoulders drop down?

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- Lowering down, okay, that covers movements nicely.

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- It's quite a list, isn't it?

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- It is.

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Finally, let's talk about bones.

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They aren't just smooth, right?

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They have all sorts of features.

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- Not at all.

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Bones are covered in bumps, grooves, holes, facets,

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all sorts of landmarks. And they're there for a reason. Muscle attachments, joint surfaces,

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pathways for nerves and vessels. So how do we talk about them? Are there categories?

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Yeah, we can broadly group them into, say, depressions and openings,

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and then projections or processes the sticky out bits.

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Okay, let's do depressions and openings first. What are some common ones?

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Okay. A foramen. That's just a hole, usually for nerves or blood vessels to pass through,

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like the big foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

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Foramen hole.

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A fossa is a shallow depression or hollow. Think of the glenoid fossa on your shoulder blade where

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the arm bone connects. A groove, sometimes called a sulcus, is like a ditch or channel,

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often holds a tendon or vessel. The bicipital groove on the humerus is a good example.

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A metis is more like a tube-like opening or canal. The external auditory metis-your-ear canal

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is a classic one. Metis coni. Vata sinus, talking about bone, is an air-filled cavity inside the bone

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lined with mucous membrane, like the perinatal sinuses around your nose. Sinus air cavity. And

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a facet is usually a small, smooth, flat area where bones articulate, where they meet, like the facets

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on vertebrae where ribs attach. Facet, small, flat joint surface. Got it. So those are the dips and

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holes. What about the parts that stick out, the projections? Right, the projections or processes.

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These are often for muscles and ligaments to attach to, or they form parts of joints.

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A condyle is a rounded, knuckle-like projection, usually part of a joint,

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like the big condyles at the bottom of your femur, at the knee.

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Condyle, rounded knuckle for joints.

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An eminence is just a projecting, prominent part, often smaller than a condyle,

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like the intercondylar eminence on the tibia between the congals.

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Eminence equals smaller projection.

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A head is typically a large, rounded end of a bone that fits into a joint,

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often set off by a narrower part called a neck, like the head of the femur in the hip joint,

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or the head of the humerus in the shoulder. Head rounded articular end with a neck.

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A crest is a prominent ridge or border, like the iliac crest you can feel on your hip bone.

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Crest, upper ridge. An epicondyle is a projection situated on or above a condyle,

15:35-15:40
often for muscle attachments. The bumps on either side of your elbow are epicondyles of the humerus.

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Epicondial bump near a condyle.

15:43-15:51
A line, or linea, is a low ridge, less prominent than a crest, like the linea asper on the back of the femur, a big site for muscle attachment.

15:51-15:52
Line low ridge.

15:52-15:59
A spine is usually a longer, thinner, often pointed projection, like the spinous processes sticking out from the back of your vertebrae.

15:59-16:01
Spine sharp pointy projection.

16:01-16:04
A trochanter, this term is specific to the femur.

16:04-16:08
They are very large blunt projections for powerful muscle attachments.

16:08-16:10
The greater and lesser trochanters near the hip joint.

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Trochanter very large bump, only on femur.

16:14-16:19
A tubercle is a small rounded projection, like the greater and lesser tubercles on the humerus

16:20-16:20
near the shoulder.

16:21-16:22
Tubercle, small rounded bump.

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And lastly, a tuberosity is a large rounded, often roughened, projection.

16:27-16:31
Also typically for muscle attachment, like the ischral tuberosity the bone you sit on.

16:32-16:38
equals large rough bump. Wow! That's a lot of specific terms just for bone

16:38-16:42
features. It is, but knowing them is incredibly helpful. It makes describing

16:43-16:47
locations or understanding injuries much more precise. Absolutely. You can see how

16:47-16:51
vital this vocabulary is for anyone reading anatomy texts, looking at x-rays,

16:52-16:56
MRIs, or even just communicating with colleagues. Exactly. It's the shared

16:56-17:00
language that lets us be precise about the body's complex structure. Well this

17:00-17:05
been just fantastic, a really thorough first look at this foundational anatomical terminology.

17:05-17:09
We've really covered a lot directional terms, the special language for limbs,

17:09-17:13
all those joint movements, and now these bony features. It's really clear that having a solid

17:13-17:18
grip on this vocabulary is, well, it's non-negotiable for anyone going into medicine or related fields.

17:18-17:22
Completely agree. You can't build a strong house on a shaky foundation, right?

17:23-17:29
Mastering these terms is that essential first step for understanding anatomy and physiology.

17:29-17:33
So for all of you listening, I really do encourage you, go back over these terms,

17:34-17:39
practice using them, try to visualize them. Building this foundation now will make tackling

17:40-17:45
more complex anatomy so much easier later on. And of course, it's critical for your board exams.

17:45-17:49
Couldn't have said it better myself. It's about building that clinical competence from the ground

17:49-17:54
up. Our next deep dive is going to build directly on this. We'll be exploring the skeletal system in

17:54-17:59
more detail using the very language we've set up today. So we really hope you'll join us for that.

17:59-18:00
Sounds great. I'm looking forward to it.

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Thanks again for sharing all your expertise today. And thank you all for tuning into this

18:05-18:09
first session of Med Simu anatomy podcast. We look forward to meeting you again for our next

18:09-18:11
deep dive into the amazing human body.